What does "cavitation" refer to in pump operation?

Cavitation in pump operation specifically refers to the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles within a liquid. This phenomenon occurs when the pressure in a liquid falls below its vapor pressure, leading to the creation of tiny vapor-filled cavities or bubbles. When these bubbles move to a higher pressure area within the pump, they collapse violently, generating shock waves that can cause significant damage to the pump components, such as erosion of the impeller or casing.

Understanding cavitation is crucial for maintaining pump efficiency and preventing mechanical failure. It often results from factors such as excessive flow rates, inadequate suction head, or even high temperatures, which can lower liquid pressure. Proper pump design and operational practices are essential to mitigate cavitation and ensure reliable performance.